213 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
Executable File
213 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
Executable File
# 阿里云管理 MySQL
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> Ubuntu MySQL 安装与配置
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---
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## MySQL 目录布局
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| 路径 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `/usr/bin` | 客户端程序 |
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| `/var/lib/mysql` | 数据库和日志文件 |
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| `/var/run/mysqld` | 服务器 PID |
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| `/etc/mysql` | 配置文件 |
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| `/usr/share/mysql` | 字符集、错误消息 |
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| `/etc/init.d/mysql` | 启动脚本 |
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---
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## 基础命令
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```bash
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# 启动/停止/重启
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sudo systemctl start mysql
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sudo systemctl stop mysql
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sudo systemctl restart mysql
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# 检查状态
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sudo systemctl status mysql
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# 开机自启
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sudo systemctl enable mysql
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```
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---
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## 移动数据目录
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将 `/var/lib/mysql` 移动到 `/home/data/mysql`：
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### 1. 创建目标目录
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```bash
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cd /home
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sudo mkdir -p data
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```
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### 2. 停止 MySQL
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```bash
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sudo systemctl stop mysql
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```
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### 3. 移动数据
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```bash
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sudo mv /var/lib/mysql /home/data/mysql
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```
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### 4. 修改配置文件
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```bash
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sudo vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
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```
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```ini
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[mysqld]
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datadir = /home/data/mysql
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socket = /home/data/mysql/mysql.sock
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```
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### 5. 修改启动脚本
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```bash
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sudo vim /etc/init.d/mysql
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```
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找到 `datadir=/var/lib/mysql` 改为 `datadir=/home/data/mysql`
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### 6. 重启 MySQL
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```bash
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sudo systemctl restart mysql
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```
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---
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## 配置 InnoDB 存储引擎
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```bash
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sudo vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
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```
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在 `[mysqld]` 下添加：
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```ini
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default-storage-engine = INNODB
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```
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重启 MySQL：
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```bash
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sudo systemctl restart mysql
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```
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验证：
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```sql
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SHOW ENGINES;
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```
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---
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## 大小写敏感配置
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```bash
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sudo vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
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```
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在 `[mysqld]` 下添加：
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```ini
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# 0 = 区分大小写
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# 1 = 不区分大小写
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lower_case_table_names = 1
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```
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重启 MySQL 生效。
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---
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## 常用管理操作
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### 连接 MySQL
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```bash
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mysql -u root -p
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```
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### 常用 SQL
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```sql
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-- 查看数据库
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SHOW DATABASES;
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-- 创建数据库
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CREATE DATABASE dbname CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
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-- 选择数据库
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USE dbname;
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-- 查看用户
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SELECT user, host FROM mysql.user;
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-- 创建用户
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CREATE USER 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
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-- 授权
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GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON dbname.* TO 'username'@'localhost';
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FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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```
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---
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## 卸载 MySQL
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```bash
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# Ubuntu
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sudo apt-get autoremove --purge mysql-server
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sudo apt-get remove mysql-server
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sudo apt-get autoremove mysql-server
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sudo apt-get remove mysql-common
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# 清理残留
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dpkg -l | grep ^rc | awk '{print $2}' | sudo xargs dpkg -P
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```
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---
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## 重置 root 密码
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```bash
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# 1. 停止 MySQL
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sudo systemctl stop mysql
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# 2. 安全模式启动
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sudo mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &
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# 3. 无密码登录
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mysql -u root
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# 4. 修改密码
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FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '新密码';
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FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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EXIT;
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# 5. 重启
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sudo systemctl restart mysql
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```
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---
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## 备份与恢复
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```bash
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# 备份
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mysqldump -u root -p dbname > backup.sql
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# 恢复
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mysql -u root -p dbname < backup.sql
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```
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---
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> 💡 **提示**：定期备份数据库，使用 `mysqldump`。
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